Navigation mechanisms in robotics: from basics to advanced applications

Orientation in the room

A central aspect of robotics is the ability of robots to orientate and navigate in space. Various technologies enable this spatial perception and movement:

1. LiDAR
   • How it works: LiDAR uses laser beams to scan the environment and create a 3D map.
   • Advantages: Very precise distance measurement; well suited for detecting obstacles and mapping environments.
   • Disadvantages: Can be affected by weather conditions such as fog, rain or strong sunlight; relatively high cost.
2. Radar
   • How it works: Uses radio waves to detect objects and their distances.
   • Advantages: Effective in a variety of weather conditions; also penetrates some materials.
   • Disadvantages: Less accurate than lidar in detecting small or distant objects.
3. Ultrasound
   • How it works: Emits sound waves and measures the time it takes for them to be reflected by objects.
   • Advantages: Simple and inexpensive; good for proximity detection.
   • Disadvantages: Limited range and accuracy; susceptible to false echoes.
4. Cameras of various kinds
   • How it works: Optical sensors capture images of the surroundings, which are then analyzed.
   • Advantages: Provides detailed visual information; essential for tasks that require image recognition.
   • Disadvantages: Requires complex image processing; can be affected by lighting conditions.
5. Guidelines on the floor
   • How it works: Robots follow visually or magnetically recognizable paths.
   • Advantages: Simple and reliable method for fixed routes.
   • Disadvantages: Flexibility is limited; environment must be suitably equipped.